The global agricultural community is rallying against the challenges posed by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), with a focus on protecting animal health, ensuring food safety, and maintaining international trade. A recent forum hosted by North Carolina State University’s Food Animal Initiative highlighted the collaborative efforts of scientists, veterinarians, and policymakers in addressing this multifaceted issue. The event underscored the importance of biosecurity measures across various livestock sectors.
North Carolina, a major player in the poultry industry, is at the forefront of HPAI mitigation efforts. The state ranks first in cash receipts from poultry and egg products and second in turkey production. This prominence makes it critical for stakeholders to implement robust strategies to combat the virus. Since early 2022, when a new strain of HPAI emerged among migrating birds, its impact has been felt most acutely in high-density bird populations such as pullets and egg-laying poultry. According to USDA records, over 168 million birds have been affected nationwide, with significant implications for both commercial and backyard flocks. Additionally, the detection of HPAI in dairy cattle and swine further complicates the situation, necessitating tailored interventions for each species.
While the risk of human infection remains relatively low, proactive surveillance and education are essential. Public health officials emphasize that individuals working closely with poultry or dairy operations should remain vigilant. Fortunately, no evidence suggests person-to-person transmission, and thorough cooking eliminates any potential risks associated with consuming poultry or dairy products. Experts stress the importance of pasteurization and proper food preparation to maintain safety throughout the supply chain. Meanwhile, ongoing research investigates how HPAI affects mammals, raising concerns about its adaptability and potential to trigger broader public health crises.
Innovative tools and programs, such as RABapp for swine biosecurity management and enhanced training initiatives for dairy farmers, demonstrate the commitment to safeguarding agriculture. However, the decision not to adopt HPAI vaccines in the U.S. reflects complex trade-offs between disease control and international trade agreements. Vaccination could complicate export regulations and result in substantial economic losses due to bans on poultry products. Thus, the current emphasis remains on stringent biosecurity protocols and rapid response mechanisms. Through collaboration and innovation, the agricultural sector continues to advance solutions that protect livelihoods, ensure food security, and uphold global standards.